Our Newsletter TIST Team has received request from a significant number of farmers that we discuss in one of our monthly edition, issues related with seed collection and preparation, tree nursery best practices. As true servants to our Small Groups,
we have heeded this request, and in this edition we have given coverage to the above topics. In addition, we have discussed why TIST encourages farmers not to plant eucalyptus trees. We have explored alternatives to this tree. Nevertheless, TIST Newsletter section, remain committed to have Small Groups share their best practices and other achievements in this forum. We are grateful to the Small Groups that have submitted their articles for publication.
Their articles will appear in August Edition. TIST Kenya wishes to sincerely thank hundreds of Small Groups that cooperated with us in disbursements of payments through the M-PESA system. We are also grateful to farmers for their patience and tolerance as we tried this new system to pay them. We are now in the third and final round of payments and we will be coming to pay you in your cluster venue very soon. TIST Kenya recognizes with gratitude all trainers MAZINGIRA BORA An Environmental, Sustainable Development and Community Forestry Program. The International Small Group and Tree Planting Program (TIST) NOT FOR SALE www.tist.org ENGLISH VERSION www.tist.org P.O Box 1508 Nanyuki, Kenya Tel: 0724 - 255 369 A section of Small Group members from Wamura during their cluster meeting. Wamura cluster is under Wiyumiririe TSE. from field offices and best Small Groups as well as quantifiers for their wonderful support and effort in mobilizing and organizing cluster meetings. Thank you so much. We are also gratefully to provincial administration officers for their immense support. We are truly,
partners in development. We also appreciate the good support we received from members of Small Groups in TSE areas when we recently carried out a monitoring and evaluation exercise. We thank, Wiyumiririe TSE, Laikipia West TSE, Nyahururu TSE, Timau TSE, Imenti North TSE and Kirinyaga TSE. We are glad for your wonderful beginning. ou are great TIST members. We will work together to realize the set goals. TIST Kenya reiterate that this newsletter will at all times give Small Groups a platform to share their best practices and an opportunity to learn new ideas. We encourage Small Groups to be meeting regularly as well as be attending monthly cluster meetings. This is a packed newsletter. Enjoy it, and we look forward to bringing you many more resources like this in the future! July 2008 Newsletter Editorial ENGLISH VERSION Seed collection. 1. Which tree species should we grow in our area? The best ones are those growing naturally in the area. Select ones that meet your needs. TIST particularly encourages fruit and indigenous trees, and others that will remain in the ground for 20 years or more. 2. Are all trees good? Not necessarily! Some may be difficult to control, be poisonous to your animals or use too much water Choose ones
you know will benefit your area. 3. Do trees produce seeds every year? Most trees do, but observe your local trees to be sure. Some may only produce good quality seeds every 2-3 years. 4. Which is a good mother tree to collect seeds from? - Collect seeds from healthy trees that are good seed producers. - Avoid isolated trees. In this case the seed is likely to have been self-pollinated which leads to poorer quality seeds. - Avoid unproductive trees and ones with a bad shape. - It is better to choose a tree in the middle of a healthy group of trees of the same species. Seeds will be higher quality from trees with flowers that are spread out rather than packed closely together - The exact type of tree depends on what you want to use the tree for. For example, good trees for timber are straight, few
branches and fast growing. Good trees for fodder should be fastgrowing, many branches with multiple stems, and fast growing leaves with the ability to recover after being pruned. Good fruit trees should obviously have good quantities of healthy fruit! - Try to choose seeds from a tree growing at the same altitude and soil type as where you want to plant. - Choose a mature tree, not a young one. 5. When do we collect the seeds? - Learn the time of the year when the seeds are ripe. - Ask other local people or observe the tree yourself. - Sometimes seeds are ripe when the fruit or pods change color, become dry, or break easily from the branch. - Most seeds are ready for collection when they fall from the tree naturally 6. How do we collect the seeds? - It is helpful to clear the area around the bottom of the tree first. Many seeds can be collected from the ground. Inspect the seeds for insect damage. - The tree can be climbed to collect the seeds, but take care! - Some fruit dry open and disperse their seeds without falling to the ground. These are hard to collect if the seeds are small. Collect the fruit or pods after they are ripe but before they have split or fallen to the ground. Then dry the fruit or pod in a clean, sheltered place to obtain the seeds. - Some seeds can be knocked from the tree with a long stick. - Try putting a sheet under the tree and gently shaking the tree. - For tall trees a simple tool can be made by attached one end of a pair of shears to a long, strong stick. The other handle can be attached to a rope. - Note that some seed species cannot be collected from the ground and have to be collected as wildlings. These are newly germinated seedlings found
growing under mature trees. These can be transplanted to pots in your nursery This is often the best method for trees that are hard to grow in a nursery or whose seeds are hard to collect. - All seeds must be removed from their fruit or pods. This can be done by hand, or putting the fruit/pod in the sun and waiting for it to dry and split. 7. How can we tell if the seed is good? - Firstly look at the seed. Discard ones that are smaller, lighter or a different color than the others. Some may be damaged by insects. - For some hard-coated species floating in water is a good test. Normally the good seed sinks and the bad seed floats. - ou can do a simple germination test. ake a small counted number of seeds (20-100). Do any pre-treatment needed. Put the seeds on a damp cloth in a bowl. Cover with another fold of the cloth, moisten it thoroughly and put in a warm (not hot) place. Check the seeds daily for signs of germination and keep the cloth moist. When germination begins keep a record of the day and number. The test usually lasts about two weeks depending on the species. Germination of over 50% means you have good seed. Small-seeded species having only 5% germination are still worth keeping. 8. Do we plant or store
the seeds? - Some seeds do not store and should be planted straight away (especially soft, fleshy seeds, fruit tree seeds or seeds with high oil content). - For seeds with harder coats the basic rule is to keep the seed clean, dry and cool. - Seeds should be removed from the fruit/cone and dried thoroughly. o dry the seeds put them in the sun for 2-3 days. ENGLISH VERSION - Storing in a paper bag or metal container out of the sun is good (avoid plastic bags as this makes the seed sweat and rot). Make sure the container is clean and air-tight. - Label the container with the name of the seeds and the collection date. - Remember that the germination ability of the seeds will decrease with time. If seeds have been stored for too long they may expire. 9. Do all seeds germinate? The percentage of seeds which germinate varies greatly between species. Some seeds require some form of pre-treatment. 10. What kind of pre-treatment might be needed? - If the seeds have a very small or thin coat often no treatment will be needed. - Seeds that have thick coats will need some form of pre-treatment. Some need to have their seed coat cracked with a hammer or a stone. Seeds should be planted immediately after cracking. - Some seeds just require a small cut in the seed coat to help water infiltrate (nicking). Do not cut the part that was attached to the pod or capsule as this part contains the baby plant. - Others need to be soaked in mild acidic solutions for 5-20 mins before sowing. - Another method for hard-coated seeds is to boil them in water for 5-10 minute. Then put the seeds in cool water. This weakens the coat and help water to enter - Some seeds can be soaked in normal water for 12-24 hours. - All seeds, once pre-treated, need to be planted straight away 11. How do we plant the seeds? - Some seeds that germinate readily can be sown directly into the field or into pots. Species that require special conditions to
germinate are sown into a seedbed first. - The time taken for germination depends on the seed type, the temperature, the amount of water available and the age of the seed. - Generally sowing is done just before the rainy season starts. - As a general guide, for direct sowing seeds should be planted at a depth two to three times their diameter and should be covered firmly with soil. The soil should then be kept moist. - Details on seedbeds are to follow 12. Do seedlings grow only from seeds? Some tree species produce root suckers (young plants growing from the mother plants roots). These can be cut and transplanted. Cuttings can be taken of a young tree branch with at least three nodes or buds. Choose a long, healthy branch and make a clean, angled cut. Strip off the leaves. Plant the cutting into soil at least two nodal lengths deep, with at least one exposed. Keep it watered until sprouting occurs. Seedlings grown in this way will have the same characteristics as the parent tree and can be useful for making sure a productive fruit tree is grown. Seedbed Preparation Seed sowing - Some seeds that germinate readily can be sown directly into the field or into pots. Species that require special conditions to germinate are sown into a seedbed first. - Remember that some seeds will require pretreatment, as discussed last
month. - The time taken for germination depends on the seed type, the temperature, the amount of water available and the age of the seed. - Generally sowing is done just before the rainy season starts. - As a general guide, if seeds are being sowed directly into the field they should be planted at a depth two to three times their diameter and should be covered firmly with soil. The soil should then be kept moist. Seedbeds A. Use Seedbeds provide a carefully controlled environment for seeds needing special care in order to germinate successfully. They are rectangular areas of prepared soil that can be covered and watered according to the seeds requirements. B. Preparation • Collect and sieve manure • Prepare the soil that will go in the seedbeds. Mix the soil and manure together. Some people find a good soil mixture for nurseries is 3 parts of topsoil from forest areas, 2 parts of sand and 1 part of manure. ou could use other natural fertilizers too (e.g. compost manure). • If the soil is very sticky and heavy (clayey) add some more sand. • Prepare the area for the seedbeds: each seedbed should be 1m wide (a
good width for watering and weeding) and 5-10m long depending on how many seedlings will be grown. There should be 60cm paths between each bed. • Mark out the seedbed with straight lines using string and break up the soil • Make a low earth embankment around each seedbed to prevent water running off and causing erosion. The embankment can also be made of bricks or stones. • Fill the bottom of the seedbed with a layer of stones about 5 cm thick (or put a layer of nylon material at the bottom). This is to prevent long roots from penetrating too deep. • Fill the seedbed with the prepared soil, but make sure the height is less than that of the embankments so that
water will not run off. 1m 60cm Earth embankment 5-10m Soil and manure mix Seedbed ENGLISH VERSION • Make sure the final seedbed is level. • The distance between seed rows should be 15cm apart. • The depth of sowing the seeds should be equal to the diameter of the seeds. • The spacing between seeds along the row should be 5 cm. • Cover the seeds with fine soil. • The seedbed can be covered by mulching. In mulching, use litter that does not rot quickly to avoid ants, termites and other pests. • For seeds that need shading from the sun during germination, make a cover from local materials e.g. bamboo and grass. Raise the cover as the seedlings grow so as not to deform the shoots. • When possible water the seeds in the morning (e.g. 6am-9am) and the evening (e.g. 5pm 7pm). Pot-bed Preparation Pot beds A. Use When the seeds have germinated (showing 3-4 leaves) they can be transplanted into plastic bags filled with soil (pots). The size of the pots vary according to the seed requirements and the resources you have. B. Preparation - Most seeds will use a 6x4 or 8x5 polythene bag.
However, these can expensive and so you can use: • Tin cans • Banana leaves • Plastic bags cut the plastic to the size you require and seal using heat to melt the plastic to stick the sides together. Remember to punch holes in the bottom of the bag too. • Used plastic water bottles - Cut the lengths of these pots to 5 or 6 inches and make sure there are some small holes in the bottom of the pot. - Prepare the soil by mixing in the ratio of 5:2:1 • 5 parts sieved forest topsoil • 2 parts sand • 1 part manure - Sieve the topsoil soil to remove stones and coarse material. A sieve can be made by fitting mesh wire (1.5cm) to a 1m by 1m wooden frame. - Mix the soil thoroughly - Moisten the soil to make it stick together - Fill the soil into the pot slowly, gently compacting at each stage to avoid air pockets. ou can use a funnel to make filling easier - Leave a space at the top where the seedling will be put. - Transplant seedlings into the pots by making a hole and inserting the seedling without twisting the roots. Fill the hole in with soil again. - The pots can be arranged in rows to form beds for easy maintenance and placed either in the sun or shade according to the seed requirements. - Arrange the pots in lots of 100 seedlings each. Similar to the seedbeds, the beds are easier to manage if they are 1m wide and 5-10m long. - Arrange the seedlings according to species so that it will be easier for Quantifiers to record data by species. New best practice: Raised pot beds In TIST nodes trainings, Small Groups are encouraged farmers to try raised pot beds. We encourage Small
Groups to try them and to report back on whether the design makes a difference or not. Figure 1 represents the common way of arranging pots, as described above. This traditional system of arranging pots on the ground can produce seedlings with weak roots. This is because the roots coil up inside the plastic pot. At transplanting, the roots can be weak and therefore not easily establish in the ground. o avoid this it is recommended to establish seedlings in open bottom tubes and place them on raised beds (Fig 2). A raised bed can easily be made from a wooden frame and wire mesh (see photo). These allow automatic root pruning because when the roots get to the container bottom they naturally drop off (called air root pruning). This means that roots do not get injured through normal root pruning methods. The roots then tend to strengthen without growing further. This produces a healthy root system and the seedling has higher chances to establish faster in the field. It also eliminates the need for labour to do root pruning, a practice that is often forgotten or done too late with serious damage on the roots. Weed control under the raised beds is also easier Fig 2: Seedlings of various species arranged in stacks on a raised bed. ENGLISH VERSION The raised beds might appear to raise the amount of water used in nurseries. However, nursery operators have devised innovations to deal with this constraint. A good innovation observed in anzania is digging a trench, placing planks of wood or wire mesh across it and placing the seedlings on the planks or wire mesh. The seedlings thus appear to be on the ground level but the trench under them provides the space which
aids air root pruning. The water is trapped in the trench and will moisturize the seedlings through evaporation and reduce the need for very frequent watering. A polythene sheet can also be placed in the trench to ensure water does not seep into the ground. Good Trees for TIST Alternatives to Eucalyptus Many environmentalists are concerned about the impact eucalyptus has on the environment. The arguments against eucalyptus are complicated, firstly because there are many different species of eucalyptus, and secondly because scientists are still uncertain about some of the evidence. However, here are some of the argument against planting eucalyptus that many environmentalists believe: - The trees can dry up the land by taking a lot of water from the ground - The trees can use a lot of soil nutrients making the land unsuitable for agriculture - The leaves do not decompose easily, and some say even decrease beneficial soil microorganisms. - Some types of local flora and fauna cannot survive in eucalyptus plantations. Whilst many of these points are not agreed upon by everyone, there is enough concern over the issue that TIST has to listen carefully. Some small groups in Uganda have commented that they have seen water levels drop since planting eucalyptus. TIST would advise all farmers not to plant eucalyptus in wetlands, alongside streams or on productive agricultural land. However, some land may be suitable for eucalyptus and your local forester can advise you. There is a second reason why TIST does not encourage eucalyptus. Many farmers will harvest their timber in under 20 years. This means that TIST will not be able to sell the carbon credits,
as only live trees qualify. If TIST wastes a lot of money paying incentives for trees that will be cut down in under twenty years, there will be less money for the groups who have planted and faithfully maintained longterm trees. Farmers may still want to have groves of eucalyptus grown specifically for firewood and timber. Grown in the right areas, these groves may well help reduce pressure on natural forests. However, groves grown for timber should not be counted for the TIST program. Therefore, to increase biodiversity, to protect your land and to encourage long-term trees that will qualify for carbon payment, we encourage groups to think of alternatives to eucalyptus. The following trees are some suggestions from the Kenya trainers. Indigenous trees a. Prunus Africana (Kikuyu: Muiri, Kimeru: Mweria) This indigenous tree is mainly found in forest reserves. Seeds are available in forests, during the dry season. Collect only dark brown ripe fruits from the crown of the tree or the ground. Remove the pulp by soaking for 24 hours, then wash over a wire mesh. Spread in a thin layer in an airy shaded place to dry but for 4 hours only The seed does not store so use the fresh seed. Wrapping moist leaves around the seed minimizes moisture loss during temporary transport and storage. Sow directly into the seedbed or pots. Germination takes 6-8 weeks. Uses: Can repel some pests e.g. aphids, nematodes (those which attack crops) by its smell. Flowers have sufficient nectar and pollen for good bee forage. Produces high-quality firewood. Medicine: Liquid extracts from bark are used in the treatment of prostate cancer. Leaves are used as an inhalant for fever or are drunk as an infusion to improve appetite. Water is added to pounded bark, and the red liquid is used as a remedy for stomach-
ache; bark extract may be used as a purgative for cattle. Erosion control: Trees can be grown along contour ridges and terraces, provides useful shade and acts as a windbreak. Soil improver: Leaves can be used as mulch and green manure. Ornamental: It makes an attractive garden shade tree. b Peacock Flower (Albizia gummifera, Kikuyu: Mukurwe) This tree is commonly found in lowland and upland rainforest and in open habitats near forests. Either untreated or soaked seeds are sown. Fresh seeds need no pre-treatment. Stored seeds are soaked in warm water and left to cool to room temperature. The seed coat may be nicked at the cotyledon end to hasten germination. Seed germination is good, 70-80%, within 10 days. Seeds should be collected while still on the tree to minimize insect damage. Seed can be stored for at least a year if kept dry and insect free through addition of ash. ENGLISH VERSION Uses: Bee-forage, fuel wood, timber, gum, tannin, medicine (extracts from the crushed pods are taken for stomach pains and the bark decoction for malaria), erosion control (the root system holds soil and prevents gulley erosion), shade, nitrogen fixing (improves the soil), known as a good mulch tree as leaf litter is abundant during the leaf shedding season, ornamental (planted in town avenues for aesthetic purposes), boundary planting, the leaves quicken the ripening process in bananas. c. Olea Africana (African wild olive, Kikyuyu: Mutamaiyu, Kimeru: Muthata) This tree is found in a variety of habitats, usually near water, on stream banks, and also in open woodland. It is resistant to both frost and drought. Fresh seeds are used for sowing. Old seeds can be soaked in cold water for 48 hours. Seeds are often pre-treated by cracking with a hand vice or by rolling a stone over seeds. This is because removing the endocarp can enhance germination. The seeds can be stored at dry room
temperature for a few years. Uses: Food: the main olive products are olive oil and edible olives. Fodder: The plants are much browsed on by livestock. Also used for fuel, timber, charcoal, tooth brushes and ornaments. Reclamation: The high drought tolerance suggests that it is a good candidate for reforestation in semi-arid zones of Africa. Ornamental: Olive trees have the capacity to beautify the landscape. d. Waterberry (Syzygium guineense, Kikyuyu: Mukoe, Kimeru: Muriru) This tree usually occurs in lowland rain forest and mountain rain forests. It commonly grows in moist conditions, sometimes even in water, and is usually found along streams. Seeds need no pre-sowing treatment, as germination rates are good and uniform. Rates of 80-90% are attained after 20 to 50 days. Direct sowing into pots is recommended. Fruits are perishable hence should be picked from the ground soon after falling. They may also be collected by shaking the branches with hooks. After collection, the fruits should be sown out immediately, as seeds will lose viability if they are dried; if this is not possible, fruit can be stored for a few days in moist sawdust and open containers in well-ventilated rooms. Uses: Food (fruit), bee forage, timber, fuelwood, shade, medicine (fruit is used as a remedy for dysentery, while a decoction of the bark is used to prevent diarrhoea). Note the poisonous bark has been reported to cause human deaths, so advice should be sought from people experienced in using the products from this tree. Exotic trees. Grevillea robusta (Silky Oak, Kikuyu: Mukima) Ecology: Needs fairly well-drained soil. Seeds: No pre-treatment needed. Seeds can be stored for up to three months, or longer if refrigerated. Spacing 4-5m. Uses: Firewood, charcoal, poles, timber, fodder, bee forage, soil
conservation, shade. Planted with tea and coffee plantations as boundaries. It grows well with crops if managed properly to reduce shade and can be an important source of dry season fodder Cyprus (Cupressus lusitanica, Kikuyu: mutarakwa, muthithinda) This tree is found in seasonally moist to permanently moist climates and a dry season lasting not more than 2-3 months. It cannot withstand water logging but flourishes in deep, moist, well-drained, fertile loams of neutral to slightly acidic composition. Pre-treatment of seeds is not necessary. Seed can be stored for up to 6 months. Uses: imber, fuelwood, poles, ornamental, windbreaks, shade, live fence. As Cyprus gives only limited protection against soil erosion, pure stands on slopes or erosion-prone sites should be under-planted with other suitable species. Not good for intercropping. Matanya cluster members receiving their tree payments through M-PESA system recently. Amemba a Wamura cluster mari mucamanio. Wamura cluster iri thiinii wa Wiyumiririe TSE. Ruhonge rwa TIST ruria ruthondekaga ngatheti ino ni rwamukirite mahoya kuma kuri arimi makienda mataririo makiria iguru ria ungania wa mbegu na uhariria, na umenyereri mwega wa tuta. Turi ta ndungata njega cia ikundi nini ni tuthingatiti mahoya maya na ngathitini eno nituhutitie mahoya maya na njira ndikiru makiria. Mwena ungi, ngatheti ino ya TIST no ihete kanya ikundi nini ciaririe iguru ria ikundi cia hamwe na uguni uria monete kumana na TIST. Niturachokia ngatho niundu wa ikundi iria irehete article cia cichabwo ngathetini ya TIST, nitugaciandika ngathetini ya mweri wa Kanana. TIST Kenya ni irachokia ngathu niunduwa ikundi iria cianyitani-ire na ithui hari marihi kuhitukira M-Pesa. No turachokia ngatho niundu wa ikundi nini niundu wa
umiriria wao hari urihi uyu twageragia kuhitukiwa njira njeru. Riu turi urihini wa gatatu na wamuicho na nituguka kahinda gatari haraya kumuriha. TIST Kenya no irachokia ngatho nene muno kuri arutani, ikundi nini hamwe na Atari a miti niundu wa kuhariria michemanio ya ikundi wega. Ngatho nyingi makiria. MAZINGIRA BORA An Environmental, Sustainable Development and Community Forestry Program. The International Small Group and Tree Planting Program ( TIST) NOT FOR SALE. www.tist.org KIKUYU VERSION www.tist.org P.O Box 1508 Nanyuki, Kenya Tel: 0724 - 255 369 Twina ngatho nene makiria kuri Utongoria wa matura niundu wa unyitaniri wao wa mwanya. Kwaria ma turi arutithani a wira hari uthii wa nambere. No turachokia ngatho niundu wa unyitaniri uria twonirio ni amemba a ikundi nini a TSE riria twathi-ite kwionera uria mekaga. Niturachokia ngatho kuri Wiyumiririe TSE, Laikipia West TSE, Nyahururu TSE, Timau TSE, Imenti North TSE na Kirinyaga TSE. Nitukenene niundu wa wambiririas wanyu mwega.kwaria ma muri amemba ega ma a TIST. Tukurutithania wira hamwe nigetha tuhingie matanya maitu. TIST Kenya ni iratitiritha ati, ngatheti ino iriheaga ikundi nini kamweke gakuaririria hamwe na kumenya maundu meru. Nituroria ikundi nini machemanagie kaingi hamwe na guthiaga michemanioini ya oro mweri. Chanjamuka ugithoma ngatheti ino, na nituguthie nambere gukurehera maingi makiria matuku me guka. Ngatheti ya mweri wa July 2008 Tabarira ya Mwandiki. KIKUYU VERSION Ungania wa Mbegu. 1. Muthemba wa muti uria wagiri-ire gukurio gicigo kina? Iria miega ni iria irekuria icigoini ici. Chagura umwe uria urina urahingia
mabataro maku. TIST yendaga makiria miti ya unduire naya matunda na iria ingi-kara makiria ma miaka 20 2. Miti yothe ni miega? o nginya! Imwe no ikorwo na hinya kumimenyerera, no ikorwo itari miagiriru kuri nyamu ciaku kana ihuthagire mai maingi. Chagura uria urina uguni kuri itura riaku. 3. Miti ni irutaga mbegu oromwaka? Miti miingi ni irutaga mbegu. No utwirie miti ya gicigo giaku nigetha umenye. Miti imwe no irutire mbegu njega kahindaini ka miaka 2-3 4. Muti mwega wakuruta mbegu ni uriku? - Ungania akuma kuri muti uri na ugima mwega.. Thenga makiria miti iria irihandu hamwe. Miti ino noikorwo itari na mbegu njega. Ndugachagure miti iria itaciaraga kana iria itaikaire wega. Niwega guchagura mbegu kuma kuri gikundi kia miti yamuthemba umwe. Mbegu igukorwo iri njega makiria kuma kuri miti iria ina mahua mataganu gukura maria manyitanu Muthemba wa muti kuringanana na uria urenda kuhuthira muti waku. a ngerekano, miti miega ya mbau ni mirungaru, honge nini na ikuraga na ihenya. No miti ya kurio ni mahiu yagiriire gukorwo na mahonge maingi, ikure naihenya na hamwe na mathamburi maingi. Muti wa matunda wagiriie gukorwo na matunda mena hinya na maingi. Geria guchagura mbegu kuma kuri muti tirini ta uria urathie kuhanda. Chagura muti mukuru no ti muchachana. 5. Niri tunganagia mbegu? Menya riria mbegu ciri njiru. Oria andu a itura kana wirorere wee mwene. Mahinda mamwe mbegu ikoragwo irinjega riria makoni machenjia rangi, moma kana magatwika naihenya. Mbegu nyingi ikoragro cirri nginyu cia kunganio riria cieguithia cionyene. 6. Tunganagia mbegu atia? Theria haria mbegu iri. Mbegu nyingi no ciunganio kuma thi. Rora kana cirri an tugunyu.. No uhaibe muti gucharia mbegu, no wimenyerere. Matunda mamwe momaga, na magathanduka magaitanga mbegu mo mene matekugua kuma muti-ini. Mbegu ici ciri hinyamuno kuoeka angikorwo ni nini makiria. uaga matunda mbere ya momite uchoke umomithie handu hatheru. No utue matunda ukihuthira muti muraya. No ware kiandarua na uinai-nie muti waku. No woherere kahiu kana magathi muti-ini na uhuthire gutua mbegu ciaku. Muthia ucio ungi no woherere mukanda. Ririkana ati mbegu imwe itingiunganio thi no no cioyo ta tumimera tunini turia twinyiragirira mutiini nathutha ucio ututhamie nginya
haria urahanda. Inoni njira njegamuno ya kuhanda miti iria ikoragwo na hinya muno gukura tutaini oronakana mbegu iria ikoragro hinya muho kungania. Mbegu ciothe no nginya cirutwo kuma kuri itundaini. No wike uu na njira ya kumithia itunda riaku riua-ini. 7. Tungimenya atia ati mbegu ni njega? ambere roar mbegu ciaku. Chagura iria nini, huthu orona kana iria cirri na rangi mutiganu na iria ingi. Mbegu iria ikoragwo na ngothi nyumu no cimenyeke na kurera mai-ini mbegu njega yagiriire gutonyerera mai-ini nayo iria irari njega irere. No ugerie gukuria mbegu ciaku. Oya tubegu tunini ta kuma 20-100 uci-ikire gitambayaini kihehu thi-inie wa kamukebe. Humbira na gatambaya kangi kahehu na uige kamukebekau handu hari na urugari munini. Roraga mbegu ciaku oro muthenya umenye kana nociramera. Orouria iramera, andikaga muthenya hamwe na mbegu iria iramera muthenya ucio. Igeria rir rioyaga kahinda ka wiki igiri kuringana na mithemba ya mbegu. Ungiona mbegu makiria ma 50% ikurite, nitakuga ati mbegu icio ni njega. Mbegu iria ikoragroiri nini makiria no cikorwo na 5% na nikuga ati oronacio ni njega. 8. Tuhande kana tuige mbegu icio? Mbegu imwe itihandagwo na ciagiri-ire kuhandwo orokahinda kau (makiria mbegu KIKUYU VERSION iria huthu , mbegu cia miti ya matunda nambegu iria cirri mai maingi.) Mbegu iria iri gikothi kiumu, undu uria mwega ni kumithia mbegu icio na guciga wega. Mbegu ciagiri-ire kurutwo hari itunda na ciumithio muno. Iga mbegu ciaku riuaini thiku 2-3 nigetha ciume. Kuiga karatathini kana mukebe wa chuma no ukorwo haraya na riua nowega. (ndukaige mukebeini wa plastic tondu nigitumaga mbegu ciore). Thingata ati mukebe waku ni muniaru wega. Andika mukebe waku ritwa riambegu na riria wonganirie. Ririkana ati umeru wa mbegu ciaku ukuringana na kahinda katria ukuiga mbegu ciaku. Kuiga mbegu kahinda karaya no gutume mbegu ciaku ithuke. 9. Mbegu ciothe nicikuraga? Kumera kwa mbegu kuringanaga na muthemba wacio. Nikuri mbegu ciendaga kuhariririo na njira mithemba na mithemba nigetha cimere. 10. Ni kuhariririo kuriku kubatarikanaga? Angilkrwo mbegu iri na ngothi huthu gutiri uharirira urabatarikana. Mbegu iria iri na gikothi kiumu no cibatare kuharirio wega mbere ya kuhanda. Imwe cibataraga cibaturwo na nyundo kana
ihiga. agiri-ire kukanda mbegu ici thutha wa guchibatura. Mbegu imwe cibataraga kamwatuka kanini gakuingiria mai. Ndugatinie kamukiha karia kameraga. Imwe cibataraga kurikio mutukanio-ini wa mild acidic kahinda ka ndagika 5-20 mbere ya kuhanda. Mbegu iria cirri na gikothi kiumu no uchitherukue ta ndagika 5-10 na thutha ucige mai-ini mahehe. Gwika uu kuhuthagia ngithi na gugatuma mai mone gwakuingirira. Imwe no cirikio mai-ini mathaa 12-24. Handa mbegu ciaku thutha wa guchihariria. 11. Tuhandaga mbegu atia? Begu iria ci-imeragia cio nyene cihandagwo orio. Iria ibataraga umenyereri makiria ciambaga kuhando tutaini. Kumera kwa mbegu kuringanaga na muthemba wa tiri, urugari, mai, na ukuru wa mbegu Maita maingi kuhandagwo mbere ya mbura yurite. Mbegu ciagiri-ire kuhandwo uriku wa maita matatu mayo na uchoke uchithike na tiri munini na uitiririe mai. Ndeto makiria ma tuta nicio ici. 12. Tumimera tukuraga kuma oro mbegu-ini? Mithemba ime ya miti ikuraga ta honge iria ingitinio na cihandwo No utinie kahonge kamwe kari na tumabiri twiri. Charia kihionge kiria kiri na hinya na kiri na ugima mwega utinie kuma hau na utinie mathango.thika kahonge gaku ugithika tomabiri twiri na utige kamwe karungii. Itagiriria mai nginya kahethuke.miti iria ihandagwo na njira ino ikoragwo na muhiano taw a nyina nano ukorwo na matund mega orota hari awarutitwo. Uhariria wa Mbegu. Kuhanda. Mbeguiria cimeraga naihenya no cihandwo marimaini orio na iria ciendaga utungata wa mwanya ciambagwo kuhandwo tutaini. Ririkana mbegu imwe ni ciendaga gutungatwo na ndawa mbere ya kuhanda ta uria twaririr-irie ngathetini ya mwaka muthiru. Mahinda maria mbegu cioyaga nigetha cimere, kuringanaga na muthemba wa mbegu, urugari, mai hamwe na
ukuru wa mbegu. Maita maingi uhandi wikagwo mbere ya mura yurite. Angikorwo mbegu irahandwo orio, ciagiriire cihandwo uriku wa maita matatu wa uria cigana na cithikwo wega na tiri na uitagiririe mai. Tuta. A. Tuta Ihuthika nakii uta ciheaga mumera handu hega ha gukurira. uta nihandu hathondeketwo wega haria mbegu citagwo, igatungatwo na igaitirio mai kuringana na bata wacio. B. Uhaririria. Ungania na uchunge thumu. • Haririria tiri uria ugwikira tutaini iyo. ukania tiri na thumu wega. Andu amwe monaga tiri mwega ichigo ithatu. Ichunji 3 kuma mititu-ini,2 kuma muthangaini na 1 kuma thumuini. No uhuthire fertilizer oronayo. • Angikorwo tiri nimunyitanu muno, ongerera kamuthanga kanini. • Hariria hari urenda guthondeka tuta yaku. ut yagiri-ire gukorwo iriya warii wa mita imwe nigetha kuhe kamweke ga kuhe mai. Na uraihu kuringana na mbegu iria urenda kuhanda. No nginya hakorwo na gachira uraya wa 60cm. • Menya haria urahanda na uthime na karurigi na 1m 60cm Earth embankment 5-10m Soil and manure mix Seedbed KIKUYU VERSION umumuthure mathui. • Thondeka tiri mienanini undu ukugiri-ria mai kura. No urigiriri-rie nginya na mahiga. • Thi wa tuta io, ikira mahiga kana karatathi ka munyore nigetha kugiriria miri miraihu ndikaingire nathi muno. • Ikira tiri uria ukuhariri-irie hau thi-inii no ndugakirie haria ugwikirite mahiga ma kugiriria mai. Ona na kinyi ati niwahariria wega. Utiganu wa rumikaro cia mbeguukorwo ari 15cm . Handa mbegu warie wigana mbegu iyo. Utiganu wa mbegu kuma hariimwe nginya iria ingi akoro ari 5cm Thika mbegu ciaku na gatiri kanini kahuthu. No uigirire mahuti maria matatuikangaga na ihenya niguo kugiriria muthua na tutambi tungi. Niundu wa miti iria yendaga kiruru thutha wa kumera, gitira kuma kuri mahuti ma mithemba na mithemba. Ikaraga ikuraihagia gitara kiu giaku nigetha ndugathukie mumera waku. • Kungihotekeka ikagira mumera waku mai kiroko na hwaini. Kuhariria Mugunda waku. Itanda. KIKUYU VERSION icio ciambatitio. (Mbicha ya Keri). Gitanda giki no githondekwo na mbao hamwe na wire. Uu niwegatondu thutha wa miri gukinya rungu rwa mumera in kugua iguaga na kogwo miri ndi tihagio. Miri ino ni igiaga na hinya hatari gukura makiria. Mumera waku ukoragwo uri na hinya na kogwo orona gukura mugundaini noguo ari raithi. Orohamwe ni ihuthagia wira wa guchega miri namumera ndutihagio. Gucheha miri ino nikuriganagirwo maita maingi na kana gugekwo thutha makiria. Kurimira oronakuo no kwa raithi. Fig 2: Mimera ya miti ya mithemba ihanditwo itandaini cirri iguru. Kuhanda miti uu nokwoneke ta kuhuthagira mai maingi. No aria matwiranagia na maundu megie itanda na tuta ni moete njira ya kunyihia thina uyu. Maroya mbao na wire magaciara makaigirira mimera yao hau iguru. Mimera ironeka ta iri rungu ria tiri no mbau iria iri iguru riachio irateithia gucheha miri. Maimategagwo hau na makaigaga tiri uri na mai na kogwo hatiri bata munene wa guitiriria mai kaingi. No uige karatathi ka munyore hau thi nigetha kugiriria mai guthii tirini. Miti miega ya TIST. Miti ingi handu ha Mibau.
Ataaramu aingi a miti a mariamatuthiururuki-irie nimekiri-ire na kinyi muno iguru ria miti ya mibao. Uthuthuria uyu uri na irikiru mukuiu muno tondu miti ya mibao ni ya mithemba miingi muno na wakeri ataaramu aya matiri na uira muiganu. Una kuri orouguo nikuri maundu mamwe maria maratuma ataaramu a maria matuthiururuki-irie mage kwendekithia uhandi wa miti ya mibao. Miti ino inyuaga mai mothe kuma tirini. Miti ino ihuthagira unuru wothe na igatuma mugunda ndigatwike miega ya kurimwo. Mathangu maguo matibuthaga na ihenya na nimaninaga tutambi turia twa bata tirini. Imwe itingutura kundu kuri na mibao. Orona kuri orouguo, andu aingi mati itikanitie na maundumaya na niwega TIST ikirire kinyi. Arimi anini kuma Uganda ni maroiga ati ni monete mai makinyiha kuma riria mahandire miti ino. TIST ni iroria arimi anini matikahande miti hakuhi na njui kana migunda ya kurimwo. Oronakuri orouguo, miti miingi ni miega na kuhandwo mibao na mutaaramu wa mititu gichigoini kianyu no aguteithiririe. Nikuri gitumi gia keri kiria gitumaga TIST iregane na uhandi wa mibao. Arimi aingi
maritemaga miti ino kahindaini kathi wa miaka 20. Uu nitakuga ati TIST ndikahota kuriha, tondu marihaga miti iria iri muoyo. Angikorwo TIST no iguthii na mbere kuriha tumarihi tunini twa miti iria igachoka itemwo thi wa miaka 20, nitakuga ati arimi aria magakorwo na miti iri muoyo matikarihwo mbecha nyingi. Arimi no makorwo makienda kuhanda miti ya ngu kana mbao. Miti ino ingikurio kuria kwagiri-ire no iteithirire mariamatuthiururuki-irie. Orona kuri orouguo, miti iria ikuragio niundu wa ngu kana mbau ndingitarwo ta ya TIST Nigetha wa kugitira mugunda waku hamwe na gukorwo na miti ya kahinda karaya nituragia ikudi cihande miti ingi handu wa Mibao. Miti ino ni imwe ya iria arutani a TIST moragia andu mahande. Indigenous trees a. Prunus Africana (Kikyuyu: Muiri, Kimeru: Mweria) Muti uyu wonekanaga mutitu. No wone mbegu mahinda ma riua inene.ungania matunda maria ma gitiri na urute gikothi kui kia iguru na njira ya kurikia maini mathaa 24. Cianike handu hari na kiruru nigetha ciume kahinda ka mathaa 4. Mbegu ici itikaraga na kogwo huthira mahuti maigu guchioha ugichithami kana kuiga gwa kahinda kanini. Handa mbegu ciaku turatathini kana mugunda, ikuraga gwa kahinda ka wiki 6- 8. Matumiro: Muti uyu ni uingataga tutambi tuingi turia tuthukangagia miera yaku kumana na munungo wa guo. Muti uyu ukoragro na mahua mari maringitumirwo ni njuki guthondeka uki. Ukoragwo na ngunjega muno. Niuthindekaga ndawa kuma kuri makoni maguo na itumikaga guthondeka cancer. Mahuti mi manyuaguo nigetha kuongerea thinga wa kuria.mai mongagirirwo kuri makoni na makahuthirwo hari kuhonia nda. Makoni macio no maheagwo ng;ombe mari ta ndawa. Miti ino ni igiragiria tiri gukuo ni ruhuho.Mathangu no mahuthikaga ta mulch kana thumu. Muti uyu no uthakaragia na ugakorwo na kiruru kiega. b. Peacock Flower (Albizia gummifera, Kikuyu: Mukurwe) Muti uyu
wonekaga makiria ichigoini iria ciamukagira mai maingi. KIKUYU VERSION No uhande mbegu ici thutha wa guchihariria na ndawa orona kana utahari-irie. Mbegu iria ciatuo ori niciendaga kwamba kuhariririo wega mbere ya kuhandwo. Mbegu ici ciendaga kwamba kurikio maini na gwa kahinda kundu kuri na urugari wa githimo gia gatagati. No urage gikoni nigetha imere naihenya. Megu ici ni cimeraga wega ta 70-80%,kahinda ka thiku ikumi.mbegu ciagiriire kunganio riria iri muti-ini nigetha kugiriria guthukangio ni tutambi. Mbegu ici no ciguo gwa kahinda ka mwaka umwe angikorwo ni nyumu na uciikire muhu. Mahuthiro.: Njuki ihuthagira mahua guthondeka uki, ngu, mbao, ngamu, ndawa (Makoni ma matunda nima tumagirwo hari kunonia nda hamwe na maralia.). Kuguriria Tiri gukuo. (miri yaguo ni inyitaga tiri hamwe.) Niukoragwo na kiruru kiega na ukongerera unoru tirini. Niuhuthikaga ta mulch niundu muti ucio niuitaga mathangu maingi hindi gwakinya kahinda kaguo ga guitar mathangu. Ni ihandagwo matauniniundu wa guthakaria. Mathangu nomahuthagirwo kurinda marigu. c. Olea Africana (African wild olive, Kikyuyu: Mutamaiyu, Kimeru: Muthata) Muti uyu wonekaga makiria hakuhi na mai kana rui. Niwitiragi makiria kuri niwitiragia muno kumana na riua inene. Mbegu ciatuo orio no chinandwo no iria nyumu no ciambe cirikio maini gwa kahinda ka mathaa 48. Mbegu ici ciharairiro na njira ya guciuraga hanini mbere ya kuhanda nigetha chimere naihenya. Mbegu ici no cigwo handu hatarina urugari muingi gwa kahinda ka miaka iganona. Uhuthikaga atia: Niukoragwo namatunda mathondekaga maguta oronakana makario. Muti uyu no uri mahuti mega muno ma mahiu maku. No uhuthire muti uyu ta ngu, mbau, makara na no wikinye magego naguo. Mutiuyu nimwega muno na kuhandwo kuria gutakoragwo na mai maingi kana gutakoragwo na mbura nyingi tondu ni witiragia. No uhuthorwo uri wa guthakaria handu. d. Waterberry (Syzygium guineense, Kikyuyu: Mukoe, Kimeru: Muriru) Muti uyu kaingi wonekaga kuria gukoragwo na mai maingi na rimwe mai-ini kana njui-ini. Mbegu itiendaga kuharirio orona hanini tondu imeraga orowega na gichinji kia 80- 90% kahindaini ga thiku 20 nginya 50. Mbegu ici cithukaga na ihenya na kogwo ciendaga kuhandwo orio marimaini. No uciunganie ciagua orio kana uinainie muti waku. Orona kuri orouguo, mbegu ici no cigwo handu hagunyu kana mikebeini mikunure gwa
kahinda ka thiku nini. Mahuthiro: Ni matunda, njuki ni itumagira kugia guthondeka uki, mbau, kiruru, ngu, ndawa. Makoni ma muti uyu no morage mundu ka kogwo niwega gutwiria makiia mbere ya kuhuthira kindu kuma muti-ini uyu. Exotic trees. Grevillea robusta (Silky Oak, Kikuyu: Mukima) Muti uyu ni ukuraga wega kundu kuingi kuri na riera mithemba. mbegu: itiendaga gutungatwo mbere ya kuhandwo na no cigwo gwa kahinda ka mieri itatu kana makiria ingi-igwo wega. Miti uyu uhandagwo na utiganu wa mita 4-5 utumagirwo na ngu, makara, ikingi, mbao, mahuti ma ngombe, kwagiria tiri hamw na kiruru. Muti uyu no uhandagwo kahuaini na machanini uri ta muhaka. Niukuraga wega irioini ungitungatwo wega na nimwega muno niundu wa kiruru na mahuti maguo nimega na kuhe ngombe. Cyprus (Cupressus lusitanica, Kikuyu: mutarakwa, muthithinda) Muti uyu ukuraga kundu kumu na kuria gutakoragwo na mai maingi. No ukure kunndukwarahite mai no ukuraga wega makiria hindi iria wahandwo kundu kuri na tiri uniarite, mai wega niundu ndwndete kundu kuri na acindi nyingi. Mbegu ciaguo itiendaga guthondekwo oronahanini na no cikare gwa kahinda ka mieri itandatu. Uhuthagirwo na: mbau, ngu, ikingi, kiruru, rugiri hamwe na kugemia na guthakaria. Muti yu timwega muno na kugiririria tiri gukuo ni kiguo niwega kuhandwo hamwe na miti ingi. No timwega kuhanda hamwe na irio ciaku. Arimi kuuma Matanya cluster makiamukira marihi mao ma miti kuhutikira njira ya M-PESA system. eam yetu ya gazeti ya TISTnirikitie kwigua iromba kuma kiri arimi babaingi twaririria uria umba kuthurania mbeu na kuthuranira nursery ya kumithiria miti.
Niuntu bwa kwithirwa turi atungati benu itumbite kwigua iromba riri na mantu jau burombete ijariritue gazetine iji. Na nkuruki itumbite kwaririria kiria gitumaga TIST iira arimi bakaanda mibau mauta. Amwe na buu rwangi rwa gazeti iji ya TIST iruciejenee kwandika uria tukundi tuniini twa TIST tumba kuritanana mantu jaria mega ja kuthithagia na aria bombite gukinya . itugucokeria ikundi bia TIST biria biumbite kureta mantu ja kwandikaga ndene ya gazeti cietu. Mantu jau jakaumira gazetine ya mweri jwa inana. TIST ya Kenya nigucokeria nkatho tukundi tuniini twa TIST niuntu bwa ngwataniro yao riria tukuria mbeca cia miti na njira ya M-pesa. Itugucokeria arimi nkatho niuntu bwa kumiiria riria turacereri tutibariite tugicwa njira injega ya kubarea nayo. Turi nandi round ya ithatu na ya muthia na itwijite kuburia rua nau kwenu. TIST Kenya nigucokeria nkatho aritani bonthe na Atari miti kuuma ubicine cietu amwe na tukundi tuniini tutwega niuntu bwa kumba kuuthurania antu na kubekira micemanio. Ibubwega mono. MAZINGIRA BORA An Environmental, Sustainable Development and Community Forestry Program. The International Small Group and Tree Planting Program (TIST) NOT FOR SALE. www.tist.org KIMERU VERSION www.tist.org P.O Box 1508 Nanyuki, Kenya Tel: 0724 - 255 369 Itugucokeria kinya rwangi rwa wathani (Provincial Administration) nkatho niuntu gwa gutwikira inya na gutwigika na itukwigua riri irandu rinene. Itugwatene bwega maendeleone. Itugucokia nkatho mono kiri amemba ba tukundi tuniii twa TSE niuntu bwa gutugwata ugeni kwao riria turabariungirite kwona uria bakurita ngugi. Itugucokeria nkaatho, wiyumiririe TSE,
Laikipia West TSE, Nyahururu TSE, Timau TSE, Imenti North TSE, na Kirinyaga TSE. Itugwiritue ni uria bwambiritie bwega. Buri amemba ba TIST babeega. Tukurita ngugi nabui turi amwe kenda bumba gukinya aria bubwirite. TIST Kenya nigwitikia nama ati gazeti iji ikaejaga tukundi tuniini twa TIST kaanya ga kumba kugaanaga mantu jaria mega ja kuthithagia na kaanya ga kuthoma mantu jameeru Itukuromba bwithagirwe buri na micemanio igita na igita kukundine twenu amwe na micemanione ya clusters. Gazeti iji kethuraniri. Migwirirue, na tukaburetagira mantu jangi jamaingi igita riria rijite. July 2008 Newsletter Amemba a Wamura cluster mari mucamanio. Wamura cluster iri thiinii wa Wiyumiririe TSE. KUMA KIRI MWANDIKI KIMERU VERSION KUTHURANIRA MBEU CIA KUMITHIA 1. Ni mbeu cia miti iriku injega cia kwaanda? Mbeu iria njega ni iria ciumaga ciongwa. aara mbeu iria ikujuria ubatu bwaku.TIST mono niendaga mbeu cia matunda na miti ya kienyeji na cia miti iria ikaraga nthi miaka mirongo iri kana nkuruki. 2. Miti yonthe nimiega? o mwanka! Imwe iri inya kumimenyeera, ingi ni sumu kiri ndithia cietu na ingi nitumagira ruuji rurwingi mono. Thuura miti iria ukumenya igatethia kwenu. 3. Miti niciaraga mbeu o mwaka? Miti imiingi niu ithithagia, indi tega miti yenu yongwa kenda withirwa uri meene. Miti imwe iciaraga mbeu injega nyuma ya miaka iiri kana ithatu.(2-3 years) 4. Muti juria mwega jwa mbeu ijuriku? i. Cwa mbeu kuuma mutine juri na inya juria jumaga mbeu bwega. ii. igana na muti juria juri junka. Muti ta juju jwithagira juri jwa ruteere rumwe runka rwa kiurume kana ruu rungi na jutikuraga bwega. iii. igana na mbeu ya miti iria iticiaraga bwega na mbeu iria
itikwonekana ithongi. iv Ibwega gucwa mbeu ciaku gatigati ka miti iria yumite iri amwe ya muthemba jumwe na iri na inya. Mbeu cia miti iria iri na mauga jakunuki bwega iciithagirwa iri cia iguru nkuruki ya cia maua jaria jakunjari jagwatene. v. Mbeu iria njega iriringana na gugwe gwengwa cia muti juria ukwenda. Kwa munguanano, miti imiega ya mbau ithagirua iri imitamburuku iri na mpangi inkai na ikuraga na mpwi. Miti imiega ya iiria ria ndithia ikuraga na mpwi, mpangi inyingi, muti jumwe jukethirwa juri na itina bibingi, mabura jakuraga na mpwi na jukumba kworia ironda wajucaa. Muti jumwega jwa matunda naju ijuria juguciara matunda jamaingi jari na inya. vi. Geria gucwa mbeu kuma kiri miti iria ibujaga kuria ukwenda kujuanda na muthetune juu. vii. Thuura kuuma miti imikuru ti imianake 5. Tubwirite gucwa mbeu ri? Thooma ni igita ria mwaka ririku mbeu ciithagirwa iri ingundu. Uria antu ba nao kana utegage gwengwa. Rimwe mbeu igundaga riria itunda riagaruka rangi, kana rioma kana riria rigukuka raisi kuuma rwangine. Mbeu iria nyingi ciithagirwa iri tayari riria ciagwa ciongwa. 6. Tubwirite kwoja mbeu atia? Buri na bata kwamba kutheria gitina kia muti mbere. Mbeu iria nyingi womba gucioja nthi. ega mbeu itikeeje kwithirwa irigi ni tunyomo. Womba gwitia muti ugacwa mbeu indi imeenyeere. Matunda jamwe jakuraga jagaatuka na mbeu ikauma ikarega kugwa nthi. Mbeu ta iji iri inya mono kwoja ikethirwa iri iniini. Mbeu ta iji
itujagwa itunda riagunda mbere ya ritiroma riatuka mbeu inyaaga kana igwa nthi. Ucoke uriumie antu atheru na athithitue bwega kenda wona mbeu. Mbeu imwenitujagwa mutine na muti jumuraja. Geria gwika kiandaruga gitina kia muti na kujwinainia mpaara. Miti iria miraaja womba kuthekeera muti jumwe jumuraaja na juri na inya ruteere rumwe rwa makasi na ruteere rungi ukatheekera murigi jumuraja. Menya mbeu imwe utiumba kwoja nthi indi neka ikuraga ciongwa. Iji ni miti imianake iria ithagirwa yumite ruungu rwa miti iria mikuru. No uithamirie tumibukone twa nursery yaku. Iji niyo njira iria njega ya miti iria utiumba kumithiria nurserine kana iria mbeu iri inya kwoja. Mbeu cionthe no mwanka iritwe kuuma matundene jacio. No urite na njara kana kwanika ugeteera ikooma na gwatuka. 7. Niatia tumba kumenya kethira mbeu ni injega? Mbere amba utege mbeu. aara iria niini imputhu na iri na rangi iri na mwanya kiri ingi. Imwe ciomba kwithirwa iriigi ni tunyomoo. No wererie mbeu iria ciithagirwa iri na gikonde gikiumu rujine. Mono mono iria njega ikorokera na iria mbii cierere. No uthithie na njira imputhu experiment. aara mbeu inkai (20-100) kethira kuriu ciendaga kuthithirua mbere withithirie. Ciikire gitambaene kiri na ruuji kana mpakurine . Kunikira na gitambaa kingi na wikundie ruuji bwega na wike antu ari na murugutira.(indi ti mwanki). egaga ntuku cionthe ikiambiria kuuma .Gitambaa kiithagirwe kiri na ruuji igita rionthe. Wona ciambiria kuuma aki, iika record yacio, ni ntuku iriku na ni ingana. Mono ikuraga na biumia biiri kuringana na muthemba jwa muri. Ikauma nkuruki ya 50% ikwonania uri na mbeu injega. Mbeu iria niini ikauma 5% kinya cio ni injega ciike.
KIMERU VERSION 8. Twaande kana twike mbeu? - Mbeu imwe utibwirite gwika nonga kwaanda orio. (Mono iria mbinyu, iria ciithagirwa iri flesh, mbeu cia miti ya matunda kana mbeu iri iti maguta jamaingi) Mbeu iria iri gikonde gikiumu ciendaga gwikwa antu atheru na ati na ruuji ari na karuugo gakeega. Mbeu no mwanka iritwe itundene na ciumwe bwega. Ciike riuene ntuku ijiri kana ithatu (2-3 days) Guciika mubukone jwa karatasi kana mukebene jwa ibati bunka juti riuene nibwega(indi ti mubukone jwa karatasi ka nylon tontu ijutumaga mbeu ithithina na ciora) Mukebe no mwanka jukunikwe uria ruugo rutigutonya, Andika riitwa ria muthemba jwa mbeu na ni tariki ingana waciojere. Rikana ikanyiyia uria ciumba kuuma na wingi.Ugaciika igiita riraaja igiita ria kuuma riomba kuthira. 9. Mbeu cionthe iciumaga? Mbeu iria nyingi ciumaga iringanaga na muthemba jwa muti. Mbeu imwe iciendaga kuthithirua na njira ya mwanya mbere. 10. Ni atia ciendaga kuthithirua mbere? Mbeu ikethirwa iri na gikonde gikiuthu, gutiu ciendaga kuthithirua. Mbeu iria iri gikonde gikiumu iciendaga kuthithirua mbere. Imwe iciendaga gukonyorwa gikonde kiu na nondo kana iiga. Ibwirite kwaanda orio ciakonyorwa. Ingi ciendaga gwaturwa aniini tu kenda ruuji rwona kaanya. Ugakonyora aria kuri na kanana na meetho. Ingi ciendaga kurindwa rujine rwa acid iti na iinya ndagika 5-20. Njira ingi ya mbeu iria iri na gikonde gikiumu ni gwicamukia na ruuji ndagika 5-10. Ucoke uciikire rujine ruungi ruti na mwanki. Buu ibutumaga gikonde kiaga inya na ruuji rukomba gutonya. Mbeu ingi iciendaga kurindwa rujiine rwa kawaida mathaa 12-24. Mbeu cionthe ciathithirwa uju, ibwirite kwaandwa orio. 1. Twaandaga mbeu atia? Mbeu imwe iria ciumaga orio no ciandwe mundane orio. Mbeu iria ciendaga kuthithirua kenda ciuma iciendaga ciumithirua nursarine. Igiita riria ijukagia ikiuma rikaringana na muthemba jwa muti,
muruutira, ruuji uria rukwonekana na ukuru bwa mbeu. Withire, mbeu ciandagwa mbere ngai itirambiria. Njira ya withire ya kubutongeria, mbeu iria ciandagwa orimwe ibwirite kwaandwa irinyene riorokeru mainda jairi kana jathatu unene bwa mbeu na gukunikirwa na muthetu bwega. Muthetu jubwirite kwithagirwa juri na ruuji. Uria kiumithirio kithithagua gukathingata au gaiti:- 12. Miti yumaga mbeune aaki? Mithemba imwe ya miti iri mbeu mirine(miti imianake ikauma mirine ya muti jungwa)Iji n umigiite na umiande . Iiingi nigitagwa mpangine iri na metho jairi kana jathatu. Thuura rwangi rurungi buru na ruri na inya na urugite rimwe rwinuki. Riita mabuura. Injira muthetune utige rungi rumirite na rwikagirwe ruuji. Mbeu iria yaandagwa na muthemba juju ikuraga igakara ta ngina na maciara no ta muti mwene. Kiumithirio kia mbeu Kwaanda Mbeu Mbeu imwe iria ciumaga orio no ciandwa mundane orio. Mbeu iria ciendaga kuthithirua kenda ciuma icindaga ciumithirua nursarine. Igiita riria ijukagia ikiuma rikaringana na muthemba jwa muti, muruutira, ruuji uria rukwonekana na ukuru bwa mbeu. Withire, mbeu ciandagwa mbere ngai itirambiria. Njira ya withire ya kubutongeria, mbeu iria ciandagwa orimwe ibwirite
kwaanda irinyene riorokeru mainda jairi kana jathatu unene bwa mbeu na gukunikirwa na muthetu bwega. Muthetu jubwirite kwithagirwa juri na ruuji. Uria kiumithirio kithithagua gukathingata au gaiti. Biumithirio bia mbeu a Ubatu Biumithirio ibiejanaga kaanya ga kumba kumenyeera area mbeu ciumithiritue, mono mono iria ciendaga utungatiri bwa mwanya kenda ciuma bwega. Biithagirwa biri bia corner muthetu juthithitue bwega na gwikirwa ruuji kuringana na ubatu bwa mbeu. b Kuthuranira Uthurania mborea na umichunke. Thuranira muthetu jwa gwikira kiumithirione. Ungania muthetu na mboreo. Antu bamwe bonaga muthetu jwa nursery jubwirite kunganua na ichunci 3 bia muthetu jwa iguru kuuma mwitune , ichunci 2 bia muthanga na gichunchi 1 kia mboreo. No utumire KIMERU VERSION mboreo ingi.(ta mati jaria jooraga) Gukethirwa muthetu ni juria jwithagirwa jugwatene, junganie na muthanga Thuranira antu amwe aria akaa kiumithirio. Oo kiumithirio kithirwe kiri na warii bwa 1m (warii bubwega bwa gukunda ruuji na kurimira) na 5-10m kurea kuringana na miti iria ukenda kumithia. Kwithirwe kuri na kajira ka 60cm kuuma nursery mwanka ingi. Thithia kiumithirio kierekeene utumirite murigi na utiire muthetu jwa iguru. Kiumithirio kithirwe kithiurukiri ni rugito rwa kurigiria muthetu jutigakamatwe ni ruuji.No kuthiurukirue maiga. Ikira maiga nthi ya kiumithirio 5cm gukiira (kana wikire karatasi ka nylon nthi) Guku ni kurigiria miiri itikename nthiguru nkuruki. Ujuria kiumithirio giaku na muthetu juria uthuraniire, indi umenyeere kwithirue kuri nthiguru aniini ya rugito ruria wikiire maiga kenda ruuji rutikaure. Menyeera kiumithirio kithirwe kiri raini imwe. Kworokera kwa aria ukaanda mbeu kwithirwe kunanganene na warii bwa mbe Kuuma mbeu mwanka ingi kubwirite kwithirwa kuri 5 cm. Kunikira mbeu na muthetu jumwinyu. andikira kiumiithirio. andikira na matandiko jaira jatiora na mpwi kurigiria muthwa na tunyomoo tungi . Mbeu iria ikwenda kurigirua riua wakire rutara na utandikire iguru na nyaki iria ikwonora au. Kunura matandiko ja mbeu kenda turutumo tuma bwega. Riria gukumbika, kundia ruuji rukiiri (6am - 9am 0na ugoro (5pm-7pm.) Kuthuranira antu a kuthamiria mbeu Kithamirio a Ubatu Riria mbeu ciauma muthetune (ikionanagia mabuura 3-4) no ithamirue tumibukone twa nylon twikiri
muthetu. Size ya tumibuko ibwirite kuringana na urea miti yendaga , kana inya yaku. b Kuthuranira Mbeu iria nyingi itumagira mibuko ya nylon size 8x5. Amwe na buu niithagirwa iri na uguri bunene na no utumire :- Mikebe Makonkoi Mibuko ya nylon-giita karatasi ka nylon size iria ukwenda na utumire mwanki kenda jukerura karatasi kagwarane nteere cioijiri. Rikana gutura turinya nthiguru ya tumibuko. Cuba cia ruuji cia mibiira iria itumiri Giita uraja bwa 5-6 na kwithirwe kuri na marinya nthi. Thuranira muthetu unganie na kithimi kia 5:2:1 - Icunci 5 bia muthetu jwa mwitu jwa iguru jucunki - Icunci 2 bia muthanga. - Gicunci 1 kia mboreo. Cunka muthetu jwa iguru kenda urita maiga na biria bingi binene. No uthithie gicunki na wire ya gicunki (1.5 cm)igwatithanue rubau rwa 1mx1m. Ungania muthetu jwa iguru buru. Ikira muthetu tuuji kenda jukagwatana. Ikira muthetu mibukone mpaara ugikinyagiira tuniini tuniini utigatigie mariinya ja ruugo. No utumire funnel iria ikagira maguta kenda bumbikika na mpwi. igaria kaanya iguru aria kamuti gakaandwa. Thamiria mbeu yaku mibukone na uture karinya karia ugatonyithia muti utikugaragaria miri. Ujuria karinya kairi na muthetu. umibuko no tubangwe na mistari kenda munimenyeera kwithirwa kuri rahisi na gwike riuene kana kirundune kuringanana uria muti jwendaga. Baanga miti oo muthemba mwanya kenda atari ba miti bomba gwika record na njira imputhu. Njira injeru injega-kiumithirio giukiritue Kiri uritani bwa TIST naria tucemanagiria, tukundi tuniini itutaaragwa tuthithagia antu a gwikaga miti yaumithua kwithirwe gukiriitue. Ituberaga bagerie bone keethira njira iji yomba kureta kugaruka. Mbica 1: Irionarnia njira ya kubanga mibuko ya miti ta uu kwariritue iguru; Mbica 1: Miti ya gikundi kia moringa Oleifera
ibangi 1m 60cm Earth embankment 5-10m Soil and manure mix Seedbed KIMERU VERSION nthiguru. Njira iji ya kienyeji ya kubanga miti nthiguru nitumaga miri irega kugea inya. Njira iji niitumaga miri ikunjanira mubukone. Ukithamia ibubuthu miri ithirwe iti na inya uria itiumba gutonya nthiguru na mpwi. Kwebera bubu, ikwathiri umithiria mibukone ikunuri nthi na ikinyithue antu ookirutue.( Mbica 2 ) Antu ookiritue oomba kuthithua na frame cia mbau na gichunki.(Tega mbica) Iji nitumaga miri ituika yongwa yakuruka nthiguru ya aria mubuko jukinyite. Uju ikwonania miri ithukaga ikigitwa na njira iria tumenyeretie. Miri niumbaga kugwata inya itigukura kairi. Njira iji mitumaga miri igwata inya na yumba kugwata muthetune na njira imputhu. Kinya ninyiagia ngugi ya kumicaa iria turagirua mono kana ikathithika igita rikuthira na miri ikathuka. Kurimira iriaa rungu rwa antu au ikwithagirwa kinya kuuthi Mbica 2:- Mibuko ya miti ya mithemba mwanya ibangi Antu au okiritue ikwokekaga gugitumira ruuji rurwingi nurserine. Amwe na bubu baria bakiite ibombite kwithirwa bari na njira ya kunyiia murigo juju. Njira imwe iria yumbite kumenyeka anzania ni ya kwinja muguuru, na kurikiira mibuko ya miti iguru ria mbito ciiki igitenie kana gichunkine. Miti yonekanaga ta iri nthiguru no muguuru juu ijuretaga kaanya karia gatethagiria miri gwicaa yongwa. Ruuji urugwatagwa ni muguuru juju na rugatetheria mbeu mono riria rwitagia iguru magita jamaingi. Kirarasi kia nylon no kiarwe nthiguru ya muguuru kurigiria ruuji kunyua nthi. Miti imiega ya TIST Antu a mibau mauta Baria bategagiira biria bituthiurukite (Our ei\nvironment) ibakuthangika mono ni uria miti ya mibau mauta ni untu bwa kuthukia nthiguru. Mantu ja mibau mauta ni ja kurugarania. Mbere ntontu ni ya mithemba imingi
mono, na bwa jairi ni untu baria bategagiira bati na ma ukuuji. Amwe na buu kuri jamwe bagwitikia: Miti iji no yumie nthiguru ni untu bwa gutumira ruuji rurwingi kuma muthetune. Miti iji nitumagira biria imera birijaga mwanka antui au akethirwa imera bitikubua. Mabuura jayo jatioraga na mpwi bangi bakauga jatethagiria kureta murimo muthetube. Mithemba imwe ya imera ya kienyeji itibujaga aria kuri na mibau mauta. Riria mantu jaja jonthe jagwitikanirua ni antu bonthe, kuri na ubatu ati kinya TIST nibwirite kuthikiira nkuruki. Arimi ba tukundi tuniini twa Uganda ibakuuga ati kuuma mibau mauta ikwambiria kuandwa, ruuji rukwambiria kunyia. TIST nigutaara arimi batige kwanda mibau mauta antu ari na ruuji, miuro kana antu aria abwiiri a kwaandwa imera. Amwe na buu kuri guntu kumwe mibau mauta yumba kubwira na ariti ngugi ba mwitu bomba kubataara. Kuri na gitumi kia biiri kiria gitumaga TIST irega kugwatanira na waandi bwa mibau mauta. Arimi babaingi bakariika miti iji miaka 20 itikinyi. Kwou ikwonania TIST itiumba kwendia ruugo tontu wendia bunaga kiri miti iria iri mwoyo. TIST ikeeja kwinyangia mbeca inyingi kurea miti iria ikarikwa itikinyitie miaka 20, ikwonania gukethirwa kuri na mbeca
inkai cia kurea arimi baria bari na miti iria iri na kagiira gakaraaja. Arimi no bende kwithirwa bari na miti ya mibau maura ya nku na mbau. Ikethirwa yaandi antu aria kwagirite, miunda iu no itetherie kunyiia utumiri bwa miitu. Amwe na buu miunda iria yaandi miti niuntu bwa mbau, itibwirite gutarwa iri ya TIST kwou kenda tumba kurigiiria miunda yetu na twitthirwa turi na miti ya gukara kagiita gakaraaja iria ikomba gutonya wendiene bwa ruugo, nomwanka twikire arimi mwoyo jwa kuthuganiria muti jungi antu a mubau mauta. Miti ya ntwire A Prunus Africana (Kimeru: Mwiria) Muti juju jwa ntwire mono jumaga mwitune. Mbeu ciaju icionoraga mwitune thaano. Ooja nti mbeu iria ikuri ciatunea aria miti yumite amwe iri imingi. Rita gikonde kia iguru na wiriinde mathaa 24 na
uthambirie gichunkine . Cianike kirundune kenda ciuma indi, mathaa 4 aki. Miande iri fresh. Gukunikira mbeu na mabura jari na ruuji ijatethagia ruuji rutikaure mono igita ria kumikamata, kana kumiika. Miande mibukone yaku. Ikauma na biumia 6-8. Utumiri: Ijwingaga tunyomoo (turia tuthukagia imera) na muruki jwayo. Mauga jayo ijombaga gutumirwa ni njuki kuthithia nainchu. Juri nku cia iguru mono. Ndagwa : Ruuji ruria rumaga makondene ni ndagwa ya cancer Mabuura jayo ijaumaga ndawa ya rwagi kana ijanyunyagwa kenda umba kurea irio bwega. Ruuji irwongagirwa kiri gikonde kiuuri na ntiri na ruuji ruria rumaga ruutune ni ndagwa ya kiu. Biria bitigaraga makondene nabio bikaa irio bia ngombe. Kugwatiira muthetu KIMERU VERSION Miti iji no yaandwe kirimene igiteenie kana benchine. Iri kirundu gikiega na nirigagiiria ruugo. Kuthithia muthetu Mabuura ja gutandika na mboreo Uthongi Nithagirwa iri imithongi na niretaga kirundu mundane. b) Peacock Flower (Kimeru :Mukurwe. Muti juju kaingi jwonekaga aria kuri iguru mwitune. Mbeu ciumaga itirindi kana ithithirua no atia. Mbeu uciandaga orio. Gutiu ciendaga kuthithirua. Irea ugeeka ciendaga kurindwa rujine rwa murutira ikarekwa ikoora mpaara. Mbeu
ciumaga 70-80%, nyuma ya ntuku 10. Mbeu ibwirite gwitwa mutine iguru kurigiiria itikathukue ni tunyomoo. No wike mbeu kinya mwaka jumwe bunka wacimenyeera kumania na ruuji kana kurigwa ni tunyomoo na ugekira muju. Utumiri Gutumirwa ni njuki ,nku, mbau, gum, rangi na ndagwa. (ugakonyora matunda jacio ni ndagwa ya murimo jwa kiu na makonde ya malaria) nigwatagiira muthetu (miri kurigiiria muthetu jutigakondorue iguruune) Gwikira kirundu na kunoria muthetu (nitethagiria muthetu) jwijikene ijwithagirwa juri mabura jamaingi riria igirta ria kuruuka riakinya na ijatethagia marigu jakagunda na mpwi mono. Olea Africana (Kimeru: Muthata) Muti juju jwonekaga aria kuri na miti imingi mono akui na ruuji, nteere cia muuro kana antu atheri . Ijumbaga kuumiria riua na mpio. Mbeu ciaju imbithi itumagirwa ni kwaandwa. Iria nkuru no irindwe mathaa 48. Mbeu ciaju iciambaga kuthithiirua na gukonyorwa gikonde na nondo ya njara kana gukonyora na iiga. Uju ni kuuga kurita gikonde no gitume juuma. Mbeu ciomba gwikwa miaka inganona. Utumiri Irio,maguta, kurea mpindi ciaju na irio bia
nyomoo: Ni irio bia ndithia cietu. Itumagirwa ta nku, mbau, makara na mikinyi ya maigo. Ijumagiiria riua kwou ikwonania ni muti jwa kuthithia mwitu ruteere rwa Africa. Uthongi Jutumaga nthiguru yonekana iri na uthongi aria kuri na mwinamo. ater berry(Kimeru:Mukui) Muti juju kaingi jwonagwa antu ari nthi na irimene biria biri miitu ya ngai. Jukaraga antu aria ari ruuji mono kinya rujine ndene , na kinya nteere cia miuro. Gutiu mbeu ciaju ciendaga kuthithirua ikiandwa tontu ciumaga bwega mono. Ciumaga 80-90%. Kwaanda mibukone o rimwe niu kwendekanaga. Mbeu ciaju Arimi kuuma Matanya cluster makiamukira marihi mao ma miti kuhutikira njira ya M-PESA system. nithukaga, kwou nikwendekanaga ciojwa nthiguru ciagwa irio. No ciojwe wainainia mpangi na mpogoro. Wona ciojwa nibwirite kwanda orio tontu ikathuka cioma kethira ti uu, matunda jaju no jekwe kiri sawdust iri na ruuji ntuku inkai kana antu akunuri na gwikwa antu ari na ruugo rurwega nyomba. Utumiri itunda, njuki mbau, nku, kirundu, ndagwa (itunda irinyiagia murimo jwa kwarwa) menya makonde ijaretaga ikuu kwou jutumire na watho bwa baria baiji bwaju kana muti jwa muthemba juu. Exotic Trees Gravellia Robusta (Kimeru:
Mukima) Jwendaga muthetu juti na ruuji Mbeu: Mbeu no uciike mwanka mieri ithatu, kana nkuruki weka antu ari na mpio. Gutaraniria 4-5m. Utumiri: Nku, mbau, makara, ikingi, irio bia ndiithia. kugwatiira muthetu na kirundu. aandagwa majanine na kaugene ta mwanka . Nikuranagia na imera jumenyeeri bwega na kunyia kirundu. Juri gitumi mono niuntu ni iria ria ndiithi thaano. Cypres (Cupressus lusitanica, kimeru: Muthithinda) Muti juju jwonagwa antu aria kwithagirwa kuri na ngai inkai na kuri na ngai itikuura nkuruki ya mieri 2-3. Jutiumba kumiria ruuji ruria rwingi indi ijubujaga antu orokeri, kuri na tuuji tutikurungama, na muthetu jumuuthu. Gutiu mbeu
ciendaga kuthithirua. Mbeu no ciikwe mwanka mieri 6. Utumiri: Mbau, nku, ikingi, uthongi, kurungika ruuo, kirundu na rwego. ontu muthanduku jurigagiiria gukondorua kwa muthetu bukai, antu aria enuki mono ikubwirite kwaandwa miti ya muthemba jungi. Itibuugi ya kwaandaniria na imera bingi.